Arduino UNO Hardware

 Arduino UNO

Introduction To Arduino

Arduino is a micro controller board with a universal serial bus (USB) plug to connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired to external electronics such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes, loud speakers, microphones and more. They can either be powered through the USB connection from the computer,from 9v battery or from a power supply . They can be controlled from the computer or programmed by the computer and then disconnected and allowed to work independently. The board design is open source.
This means anyone is allowed to make Arduino compatible boards. This competition has lead to low costs for th boards.
The software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and freely available for Windows,Mac and LINUX computers.
Arduino UNO, Mega, Nano are commonly used Arduino boards

Introduction To Arduino UNO

Arduino UNO is one of the famous microcontroller boards of the Arduino family and is developed by Arduino.cc. Basically Arduino.cc is an open-source platform and is mainly based upon AVR microcontroller Atmega328. It is one of the most economical boards of Arduino family and is widely used because of its small number of input-output pins and reduced size as compared to Arduino mega which is the big brother of Arduino UNO. UNO has 14 digital input output (I/O) pins which can be used as either input or output by connecting them with different external devices and components. Out of these 14 pins, 6 pins are capable of producing PWM signal. All the digital pins operate at 5V and can output a current of 20mA.

Arduino UNO Technical Specifications

Microcontroller	ATmega328P
Operating Voltage	5V
Input Voltage (recommended)	7-12V
Input Voltage (limit)	6-20V
Digital I/O Pins	14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins	6
Analog Input Pins	6
DC Current per I/O Pin	20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin	50 mA
Flash Memory	32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM	2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM	1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed	16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN	13
Length	68.6 mm
Width	53.4 mm
Weight	25 g

Microcontroller (Atmega 328)

ATmega-328 is basically an Advanced Virtual RISC (AVR) micro-controller. It supports the data up to eight (8) bits. This microcontroller has a lot of other characteristics

The Flash memory size is 32 Kilo Bytes, and stores real program written by user in chip‟s memory. The user program must not exceed this size.

The Static RAM memory size is 2 Kilo Bytes, and used as scratch pad by stored program for storing temporary data while executing.

The EEPROM memory size is 1 Kilo Bytes, and used to store frequently changing data such as user preferences, last selected value etc in semi-volatile memory for later access.

Power Supply ( 7 -12v)

The Arduino board is powered by DC adaptor or battery. The power source can be connected by plugging 2.1mm center positive plug,The Arduino board is also powered by computer
through USB.

Crystal Oscillator (16MHz)

This is a quartz crystal oscillator which ticks 16 million times per
Second on each tick microcontroller performs one operation
eg: addition, substraction etc...

Reset Switch

The Arduino Uno board comes with one reset switch, which helps to restart the board with default setting. It helps to break the hanging system from infinite loop and restarts from initial settings.

Analog Input (0 -5)

The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins. This pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like temperature sensor and convert into digital value. This pins measure voltage and not current because they have very high internal resistance.
Although these pins are labelled as analog and are analog Input by default these pins can also be used as digital input or output

Digital Pins(0-13)

These pins can be used as either input or output pins. When digital pins are used as output they supply 40ma of current and 5v. Some of the Pins are labelled with (~),pin 3,5,6,9,10 and 11 these pins normal digital Pins but they can also be used as pulse width modulation (PWM). Pins 0 and 1 are used for serial communication. They are used to receive and transmit serial data which can be used in several ways like programming the Arduino board and communicating with the user through serial communication